Fred Gruen

In 1996 he was diagnosed with bladder cancer. His doctor asked if he had ever worked with aniline dyes. Though his time in England had saved him from the Nazis, his brief stint at the printers was probably responsible for the cancer. Despite surgery and chemotherapy, he died at the age of 76 in the John James Hospital in Canberra.

At Gruen’s testimonial dinner in 1986, former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam joked about Gruen’s retirement, about the improved stature of economics in response to recent economic difficulties, and about the resignation of John Stone from his position as Secretary to the Federal Treasury to become a politician with the right of centre National Party. “When I first entered public life in Australia no one particularly noticed if economists retired, and still less, no one particularly cared how they spent their retirement. Now of course, everybody notices and everybody cares”.

In the 1986 Queen’s Birthday Honours Gruen was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) “for service to education, particularly in the field of economics”.

Gruen’s final legacy to Australian economics is probably his two sons. Dr David Gruen has forged a successful career as a professional economist at the Reserve Bank of Australia and then as a senior official at the Federal Treasury, where he headed the Macroeconomic Group. He is now Australian Statistician. Dr Nicholas Gruen was an architect in the 1980s of the widely admired Button Car Plan – a plan for the transition of Australia’s car industry to a regime of lower tariffs and higher export orientation – and has since advised the Business Council of Australia and the Productivity Commission as well as authoring reports for the Committee for Economic Development of Australia.

In August 1975 he informed the Prime Minister’s Department of his desire to return to the ANU full-time and he made the move in March 1976, remaining at the ANU as professor and then as professor emeritus for the rest of his life.

In 1973 with Australia experiencing sharply rising inflation and strong current account surpluses, Gruen proposed a 25 percent across the board tariff cut, which was adopted by the Whitlam government. Gruen regarded this as his greatest achievement and it is probably the policy he is best known for.

In response to growing unease at Monash University, Gruen attempted to engage with the more reasonable student radicals and set up complaints mechanisms. When those mechanisms sometimes found against his colleagues, his faculty became – unsurprisingly – less congenial to him and so, when he was offered a chair at the ANU in late 1971, he “accepted with alacrity”.

Gruen’s achievements in nine years at Monash include leading a major long range forecasting study on Australian agriculture funded by the US Department of Agriculture. Though John Freebairn subsequently tested its price projections for 1970 and found them “neither significantly more or less accurate than the naïve model price forecasts” the study achieved worthwhile technical advances which later contributed to the building of Australia’s ORANI model mostly at Monash University.

Gruen also published a theoretical curiosity with Max Corden in 1970 “A tariff that worsens the terms of trade”, though it was focused on a specific policy problem.

Probably the most influential paper Gruen wrote during this period was never published. It set-off the Australian ‘tariff compensation’ debate in the late 1960s. The arguments were taken up in the 1970s generating considerable professional interest and controversy. Gruen pointed to the way in which tariffs for manufactures imposed costs on export industries, particularly agricultural industries. As an early and strong advocate of lower levels of industry assistance, Gruen’s point was not to advocate additional assistance for farmers so much as to challenge the idea that farmers might have low levels of assistance removed before manufactures had higher levels of assistance removed. He caviled at the “attitude … that anything any farm pressure group asked for was ipso facto unjustifiable”. Gruen then commissioned Professor Peter Lloyd to write the survey of Australian economics of protection which would survey the tariff compensation debate. Lloyd had been one of Gruen’s main opponents in the tariff compensation debate and his survey argued that the case for tariff compensation had been overstated – including in a Green Paper on Rural Policy in 1974 of which Gruen was a co-signatory. Gruen later agreed with Lloyd’s analysis on the point.

Returning to Australia he worked for 12 years in the NSW Department of Agriculture where he met, assisted and was assisted by many young people who later made their marks in agricultural and other areas of economics. His sons David and Nicholas were born in August 1954 and April 1957 respectively. In 1959 he moved to a research position at the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra for five years under T. W. Swan (of Solow–Swan growth model fame) and thence to Monash University in Melbourne to become Professor of Agricultural Economics in 1964.

After the war he married Ann Margaret Darvall in May 1947. He commenced work as a graduate at the NSW Department of Agriculture, but it became clear to him that he could not get adequate training in Australia. So the couple went to the United States. He studied there for two years, first at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and then at the University of Chicago; five members of that university’s economics department present at the time would go on to win the Nobel Prize in Economics. Though he completed the examinations for his PhD, Gruen did not finish the degree as the intensity of his study led to a serious thyroid condition. Without drugs that had been developed shortly before then, the condition would have been life-threatening. However, it was successfully treated and its only legacy for the rest of his life was the exemplary balance Gruen kept in his life. He worked hard and productively, but not obsessively for the rest of his life.

Grün was born in Vienna, Austria, and known as ‘Heinzie’ during his boyhood. He left Vienna in 1936 on the £200 legacy of an uncle to receive an English education at Herne Bay College. It was a good time for someone of Jewish descent to be leaving Austria. His father Willy, a heavy smoker, died of lung cancer while he was at school in England and his mother Marianne (née Zwack) was engulfed in The Holocaust being taken first to Theresienstadt and thence to Auschwitz after which she was not seen again.

Fred Henry George Gruen AO (14 June 1921 – 29 October 1997) was an Australian economist, an early and influential voice in favour of free trade and tariff reductions in the 1960s and 1970s.